KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / TEST TUBE BABY / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / TEST TUBE BABY / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / TEST TUBE BABY / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

A test tube baby born by artificial fertilization of the ovum. The main cause of infertility is the blockage of the fallopian tubes that leads from the ovaries to the uterus; consequently, spermatozoa are unable to reach the ova for fertilization. In such case, the ovum is removed and fertilized by the sperm externally (test tube) where the fertilization takes place and cell division commences. The fertilized ovum is then implanted into the womb of the woman where subsequent development of the embryo takes place as in the case of natural fertilization. The technique was developed by Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe in 1970. The first test tube baby was a baby girl Louise Brown, born to Lesley Brown in Lancashire (UK). In India, the first test tube baby Harsha was born on August 6, 1986. The technique was developed by Dr. Indira Hinduja at KEM Hospital Bombay.

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / TEST TUBE BABY / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BRANCHES OF GENETICS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BRANCHES OF GENETICS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BRANCHES OF GENETICS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

·      Plant Genetics: Genetics of plants

·      Animal Genetics: Genetics of animals

·      Microbial Genetics: Genetics of micro-organisms

·      Human Genetics: Genetics of man

·      Cytogenetics: Cytological explanations of genetical principles

·      Molecular Genetics: Genetics in relation to chemical molecules

·      Mutation is the process of sudden heritable change in a gene due to change in its composition

·      DNA (Deoxyribo nucleic Acid) is the principal genetic material of all living beings.

·      The structure of DNA molecule was discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953

·      Recombinant DNA involves transplanting a piece of DNA of one organism to the DNA of another, which finds application in the production of interferon and insulin

·      DNA has a double helical structure of nucleotide chains consisting of deoxyribose sugar and nitrogen bases – Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine. It stores and transfers hereditary information and creates its own replica.

·      The nitrogen base Thymine in DNA is replaced by Uracil in RNA

·      RNA has sub-species m-RNA and t-RNA, which carries the stored information of the DNA for translation into various proteins.

·      In protein synthesis, the genetic code is carried from the DNA of the nucleus to the ribosomes of the cytoplasm by m-RNA.

·      DNA fingerprinting has helped to solve many mysteries and crimes.

·      The number of chromosomes in a human cell is 46

·      Presence of an extra chromosome in the foetus-mongolism

·      The Bacteria which receives genes from another species is called Transgenic bacteria

·      The genes transfer from one species to another species through Plasmids

·      The gene with Bt. Toxin is isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis Bacteria

·      Bt. Cotton is the cotton plant with Bt. Toxin gene.

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BRANCHES OF GENETICS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / GENETICS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / GENETICS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / GENETICS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

·      Genetics is the science of genes, heredity and variation in living organisms

·      A gene is the fundamental biological unit which is transmitted from one generation to the next. It is the unit of heredity. It remains at a definite position on a chromosome. In man about 100,000 genes are known to be found in 23 pairs of chromosomes.

·      Genetics deals with heredity and the laws that govern it. Rev. Gregor Mendel is the ‘Father of Modern Genetics’.

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / GENETICS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / SKIN / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / SKIN / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / SKIN / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

·      Skin is the largest organ in human body

·      Colour of the skin is due to the presence of melanin

·      The main function of human skin is protection and excretion

·      Perspiration is an usual way of the body to maintain the body temperature. Sweat glands help to eliminate excess heat from body.

·      Dermatology is the branch of science that deals with the study of skin and is diseases.

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / SKIN / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / TEETH / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / TEETH / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / TEETH / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

·      There are 20 milk teeth in human body

·      A full set of permanent teeth consists of 32 teeth

·      The hardest material found in human body is enamel.

·      Milk teeth appear by the age of 7 months and are 20 in number

·      Adult teeth: Milk teeth drop and 32 permanent teeth begin to replace them from the 6^th year onwards. There are Chisel-shaped incisors and canines two conical premolars and six molars for crushing and grinding the food. The two wisdom teeth, the rearmost, develop at a later stage and are largely non-functional.

·      Fluorides are the compounds that prevent tooth decay

·      One of the ingredients of tooth paste is calcium fluoride

·      Enamel is the hardest substance in the body

·      Premolar teeth are not present in babies.

·      The third molar teeth appear in the later stage is called Wisdom Teeth

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / TEETH / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / DISORDERS OF BONE / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / DISORDERS OF BONE / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / DISORDERS OF BONE / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

·      The bones of aged persons are more fragile than the bones of young persons.

·      The breaking of a bone is known as fracture

·   When the person feels acute pain at the joints, particularly while moving the joints, is referred to as arthritis.

·      Osteoarthritis is commonly known as “wear and tear” arthritis

· Osteoporosis is another bone disorder common in woman over 50 years, and is characterized by decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures.

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / DISORDERS OF BONE / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / HUMAN SKELETON SYSTEM / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / HUMAN SKELETON SYSTEM / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / HUMAN SKELETON SYSTEM / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

Upper Jaw

Maxilla

Lower jaw

Mandible

Collar Bone

Clavicle

Shoulder Blade

Scalpula

Breast Bone

Sterum

Upper arm

Humerus

Lower arm

Radius-ulna

Wrist bone

Carpals

Palm bone

Meta Carpals

Finger

Phalanges

Thigh

Femur

Shank

Tibia-Fibula

Ankle

Tarsals

Foot Bones

Metatarsals

Toes

Phalanges

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / HUMAN SKELETON SYSTEM / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY