KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / FUELS / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

 

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / FUELS / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / FUELS / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

·      LPG means liquefied petroleum gas, major component present in it is butane.

·      Petroleum and diesel are two important fractions of crude oil. The rating of fuel is done on the basis of octane number (petrol) and Cetane number (diesel)

·      A mixture of n-butane and isobutene, containing some propane liquefied by compression is used as LPG

·      Leakage of LPG can be identified by mixing it with Ethyl Mercaptan

·      TEL, TML are known as antiknock compounds. Now Tetramethyl lead is used instead of tetraethyl lead. Antiknock compounds improve the quality of the fuel.

·      Water gas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide it is used as industrial fuel

·      Producer gas is a mixture of Nitrogen and Carbon monoxide

·      Compressed Natural gas (CNG), major component is methane

·      Both LPG & CNG contain traces of propane

·      Crude petroleum is converted into petrol through a process called fractional distillation. Petrol is also known as gasoline.

·      Biogas contains methane. Marsh gas is methane. Gobergas is used as an alternative fuel to LPG

·      Coal gas is a mixture of hydrogen (48%), Methane (35%), carbon monoxide (6%), nitrogen (6%), carbon dioxide (1%)

·      Carbon content in coal varies with type of coal.

Ø Anthraciti contains 90% carbon

Ø Bituminous coal contains 70% carbon

Ø Lignite contains 40% of carbon

Ø Peat contains 10 to 15% carbon

·      Methane is also known as marsh gas or damp fire

·      CNG is increasingly being used as fuel for running buses in metropolitan cities, it is highly knock resistant. Anti-knock additives are not used in this fuel so it reduces the air pollution.

·      Natural gas is methane it causes about 38% of the warming of the globe through green house effect

·      Anthracite is the purest form of mineral coal. Peat is variety of coal.

·      Wood heated in an enclosed container will produce charcoal. This process is called destructive distillation of wood.

·      Turpentine is an essential oil which is an important solvent for polishes and lacquers

·      Gelatin is used in the manufacture of ice cream to prevent crystal growth

·       The chemical used for preserving biological specimens is formaldehyde

·      Non stick kitchenware are coated with Teflon and potassium hydrogen tartarate. It is anticorrosive.

·      Teflon is a polymer named PolyTetra fluoro ethylene (PTFE)

·      The common variety of coal is bituminous

·      Lamp black is the softest form of carbon

·      Charcoal is most reactive form of carbon because of large surface area.

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / FUELS / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / APPLICATIONS OF SOME COMMON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

 

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / APPLICATIONS OF SOME COMMON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / APPLICATIONS OF SOME COMMON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

·      Benzene is a solvent for fats, resins etc…

·      Carbontetrachloride is used as a fire extinguisher

·      Aspirin is prepared from salicyclic acid

·      Oil of winter green contains methylsalicylate

·      Proteins are polypeptides

·      Retinol is a chemical name of Vitamine E

·      Nylon 66 is prepared from hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid

·      Tobacco is preserved from drying out in Glycerol.

·      Ethanol is also called grain alcohol

·      Woodspirit is known as methyl alcohol or methanol

·      Compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (C:H:O – 1:2:1) are called carbohydrates. Eg: sucrose, glucose, cellulose

·      The sweetest among the sugars is fructose (C₆H₁₂O₆) it is also called fruit sugar.

·      Honey is a mixture of equal amounts of glucose and fructose with 20% water

·      Grape sugar present in grapes is glucose

·      Sugar found in milk is lactose

·      Cane sugar or sucrose found in sugarcane or beetroot

·      Cellulose is the main constituent of most natural fibres

·      Insulin is hormone

·      Zymase is present in yeast

·      Protein is composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen & oxygen

·      Cheese and Vinegar are made by fermentation.

 

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / APPLICATIONS OF SOME COMMON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / ORGANIC CHEMISTRY / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

 

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / ORGANIC CHEMISTRY / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / ORGANIC CHEMISTRY / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

Organic Chemistry

·      The simplest organic compounds made up only carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons

·      The saturated hydrocarbons are comparatively stable to usual chemical reagents. They are known as paraffins

·      Carbon atoms are linked together by multiple bonds are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons

 

ALKANES

Alkanes are represented by the general formula. CnH₂ₙ₊₂. Methane is the first member of alkane series.

 

ALKENES

Alkenes are represented by the general formula CₙH₂ₙ. They are unsaturated hydrocarbons and known as Olefins. The simplest alkene is C₂H₄, ie, ethylene or ethane.

 

ALKYNES

They are represented by CnH₂ₙ₋₂. They are unsaturated hydrocarbons. The simplest alkyne is acetylene

 

ALCOHOLS

Alcohols are compound which contain one or more hydroxyl groups

 

ALDEHYDES & KETONES

Compounds in which oxygen atom is attached to a primary carbon atom, is known as an aldehyde. If the oxygen atom is attached to a secondary carbon, the compound is known as a ketone. Aldehydes are known as alkanals and ketones are known as alkanones.

 

ALKYL HALIDES

The halogen atom attached to a saturated carbon atom are known as alkyl halides. The halogen atom attached to an aromatic ring directly are known as aryl halidas. Examples of alkyl halides are Methyl chloride (chloromethane), Ethyl chloride (Chloroethane).

 

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl group is a carbonylic function and has acidic properties. Simple carboxylic acids are formic acid, acetic acid etc…

 

NITRO COMPOUNDS

Nitro derivatives of corresponding alkanes are known as nitro alkanes. Eg: nitro methane, nitroethane etc…..

 

AMINES

·      Amines are derivatives of ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia have been replaced by alkyl groups.

·      Amines are classified as primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

 

AMIDES

Acid amides are the derivations of carboxylic acid. Obtained by the replacement of hydroxyl group of COOH by amino group. Examples: Formamide acetamide etc…

 

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KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / EXPLOSIVES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

 

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / EXPLOSIVES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / EXPLOSIVES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

·      TNT is trinitrotoluene. It is highly explosive substance. It is manufactured by the action of concentrated nitric acid on toluene

·      Explosive power is measured in terms of TNT

·      RDX: Research and Development Explosive is a highly explosive substance

·      PETN: Penta Erythritol Tetra Nitrate is more lethal and deadly explosive than RDX

·      Dynamite was discovered by Alfred Nobel. Picric acid, EDNA, TNT, RDX, HMX etc… are powerful explosives

·      Nitrocellulose, Guncotton are used as explosives

 

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / EXPLOSIVES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / GLASSES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

 

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / GLASSES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / GLASSES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

·      Glass is a super cooled liquid

Ø The major ingredients of glass are sand, lime and soda ash

Ø Borax increases the hardness and refractory character of glass

·      Safety glass (manufactured by pasting a weightless plastic sheet in between two glass plates) is used in manufacture of bullet proof screens, wind shields etc…

·      Fibre glass is also used for insulating stoves and refrigerators

·      It is also used for making the body of aircrafts, boast, helmets etc…

·      Metal oxides provides colour to the glass. Eg: Cobalt salt provides blue colour, Nickel salt provides red colour etc….

 

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / GLASSES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / SOAPS & DETERGENTS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / SOAPS & DETERGENTS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / SOAPS & DETERGENTS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

·      Sodium potassium salt of stearic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid is called soap

·      Sodium hydroxide is utilized in washing soap and potassium hydroxide in toilet soap

·      The process of adding NaCI, to the solution for the separation of soap from glycerol is called ‘Salting Out’

·      Synthetic detergents are a mixture of sodium salts of aromatic and aliphatic sulphonic acids

 

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KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / CHEMISTRY IN DAILY LIFE / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / CHEMISTRY IN DAILY LIFE / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / CHEMISTRY IN DAILY LIFE / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

Polymers

·      Complex molecules formed by the addition of simple molecules are called polymers

·      Cellulose and silk are natural polymers and nylon, rayon, Teflon etc… are man-made polymers

·      Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics are two types of plastics

·      Polythene, nylon etc…, are example for thermoplastics and polyester, bakelite etc., are examples for thermosetting plastics

·      Rayon is known as artificial silk and is used in carpets, tyrecode, surgical dressings, fabrics etc…

·      Caprolactum [(C₆H₁₁NO] is produced from cyclohexane

·      Nylon 66 (Polyamide), Orlon, Terylenear, Polyester, Rayon are synthetic fibres

·      PVC is used for the manufacture of Electrical insulators water proof cloth etc…

·      Bakelite is made from phenol and formaldehyde

·      Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Polyvinylacetate (PVA) are polymers of vinylchloride and vinylacetate

·      Nylon – 66, Nylon – 6 are synthetic fibres belonging to polyamide

·      Rayon is called artificial silk

 

Rubber

·      Rubber is a polymer of isoprene

·      Rubber is a naturally available elastic polymer

·      Ordinary rubber is a thermoplastic substance

·      If Sulphur is added to rubber and heated, its shape can be maintained and its hardness increased. The process of heating rubber with Sulphur for the betterment of its properties, is called vulcanization

·      Vulcanization enhances the following properties of rubber: tensile strength, hardness, elasticity, ability to withstand heat changes

·      These properties can be varied by changing the quantity of Sulphur, temperature and time taken for vulcanization

·      Tyres filled with air are called pneumatic

·      Many man made substances are not bio-degradable

·      Vulcanization is carried out by heating the crude rubber in presence of Sulphur

·      Buna rubber, SBR, neoprene, Butyl rubber, Thiokoil & Buna N are examples of synthetic rubber.

Cement

·      Cement is complex mixture of aluminates and silicates

·      In 1824, a British Engineer, Joseph Aspidin made a binding material by mixing lime and silica and firstly it was named as ‘portland cement’.

·      The setting of cement is due to the hydration of calcium silicates and calcium aluminates

·      The mixture of cement, silica and water is called cement mortar

·      Concrete is reinforced by embedding steel in cement

·      A suitable site of a cement plant requires proximity to limestone and gypsum

·      Gympsum is CaSO₄.2H₂O

 

Manufacture of cement

The raw material is ground into a fine powder and mixed in the fixed proportion. This is heated in a furnace at a high temperature (1500ºC). Clinkers, which is a complex mixture of calcium silicate and calcium aluminate is formed. Gypsum is added to clinker and the mixture is powered to make cement.

 

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