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Monday, 5 October 2026

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / RAW MATERIALS USED FOR CEMENT PRODUCTION / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / RAW MATERIALS USED FOR CEMENT PRODUCTION / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

Raw materials used for cement production

Compound

Chemical composition

Lime

CaO

60-67

Silica

SiO₂

17-25

Alumina

Al₂O₃

3-8

Iron Oxide

Fe₂O₃

0.5-6.0

Magnesia

MgO

0.1-4.0

Sulphur trioxide

SO₃

1-2

Soda + Potash

Na₂O +K₂O

0.5-1.3

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / RAW MATERIALS USED FOR CEMENT PRODUCTION / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL RUBBER AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL RUBBER AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

Difference between Natural rubber and Synthetic Rubber
Low hardness	High hardness
Easily flammable	Not easily flammable
Dissolves in organic solvents	Does not react with organic solvents
Loses stability at high temperature	Keeps stability at high temperature
Less elastic	More elastic

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL RUBBER AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / FULLERENE / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / FULLERENE / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

· Fullerenes are newly discovered allotropes of carbon.

· Two important members of fullerenes are C₆₀ and C₇₀, C₆₀ has been named as Buckminster fullerene.

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / FULLERENE / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / GRAPHITE / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / GRAPHITE / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

· Graphite has a layer structure

· It has slippery nature and it is used as lubricant. Graphite shows electrical conductivity due to the presence of π – electrons

· Graphite is used for making electrodes

· It is used in lead pencils in the form of mixtures with clay

· Graphite is a good conductor of heat and electricity

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / GRAPHITE / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / DIAMOND / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / DIAMOND / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

· The atoms of carbon are joined in a 3-dimensional tetrahedral structure in diamond

· Diamond is brittle, crystalline and the hardest naturally occurring substance

· It is the densest form of carbon

· Transparent to light and X-rays, it is a good conductor of heat, but not of electricity

· It is insoluable in all known solvents.

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / DIAMOND / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / IRON AND STEEL / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / IRON AND STEEL / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

· Haematite and magnetite are the richest ores of iron, containing upto 70% iron

· Limonite has 60% iron, pyrite and siderite contain 50% iron while taconite contains 30% iron

· Pig iron containing 1.0-3.0% silicon is called cast iron

· Types of Iron and Steel: Pig Iron, Wrought Iron and Steel

· Stainless steel contains iron, chromium, nickel, and carbon

· Nickel steel contains iron, nickel and carbon

· Tungsten steel contains iron, tungsten and carbon

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / IRON AND STEEL / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / ZINC / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / ZINC / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

· The most important ore of zinc is zinc blende. Calamine and zincite are other important ores of zinc

· Zinc is used in galvanization and in dry cells

· Zinc is used in dye-casting because of its low melting point and high tensile strength

· Zinc, as a reducing agent, is used in the manufacture of perfumes and synthetic drugs

· Brass, an alloy of zinc with copper, is used in catridges, musical instruments and electrical fittings

· Bronze, an alloy of copper, zinc and tin, is used in statues

· German silver, an alloy of zinc with copper and nickel, is used in jewellery and coins

KERALA PSC / CHEMISTRY / IMPORTANT ELEMENTS / ZINC / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY