KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / LIVER: THE LARGEST GLAND / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / LIVER: THE LARGEST GLAND / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / LIVER: THE LARGEST GLAND / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

·      The liver is the largest gland in the body

·      It is the largest metabolic organ in human body

·      The liver is on the right side of the stomach

·      Liver is dark brown in colour

·      Sleeping on left side is useful because it gives maximum relaxation to the muscles of the right side and keeps the liver warm and relaxed and improves bile secretion.

·      Glucose is stored in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen

·      Liver is otherwise called HEPAR

·      Second largest gland in human body: Pancreas

·      Exocrine and endocrine gland: Pancreas

·      Heterocrine gland: Pancreas

·      A normal man secretes about 1 litre of Pancreatic Juice per day

·      The main function of the liver is to produce bile which is an important agent in digestion of fat.

·      There is no known digestive enzymes in the bile

·      Bile is stored in the gall bladder

·      Bilirubin and biliverdin are bile pigments

·      The disease which affects the liver is jaundice

·      Bleeding in liver is known as liver cirrhosis

·      Hepatitis is the viral disease of liver which influence functioning of liver

·      Excessive alcoholic consumption causes cirrhosis

·      Excessive stimulus for alcohol consumption is called dypsomania

·      Manufacturing of urea takes place in liver

·      Excessive use of tobacco affects the nerves while the same of alcohol affects the liver

·      Stone in gall bladder called Cholecystostatis

·      Urea is produced in the liver

·      Hepatitis is the viral disease of liver which influence functioning of liver

·      The weight of liver in man is about 1.5kg

·      The disease that result due to any obstruction in the bile duct in Jaundice

·      Excessive alcoholic consumption causes cirrhosis

·      The high tendency to drink alcohol is termed as dipsomania

·      Liver has a great many important functions other than helping in digestion. They are:

Ø Regulation of carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism

Ø Synthesis of urea for excretion

Ø Removal of drugs and toxic materials. The liver has enzymes which can detoxify harmful materials

Ø Storage of vitamins

Ø Liver is the principal organ for the excretion of cholesterol, bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin) and inactivated products of steroid hormones, some vitamins and many drugs.

Ø Destruction of dead cells and bacteria by phagocytosis

Ø Synthesizes heparin – an anticoagulant, prothrombin, fibrinogen and some factors necessary for blood coagulation.

 

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / LIVER: THE LARGEST GLAND / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BLOOD GROUPS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BLOOD GROUPS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BLOOD GROUPS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

·      Blood groups A, B, AB, O were discovered by Karl Landsteiner

·      A person having blood type B could safely donate blood to persons with blood type B and AB

·      O blood group can be given to persons of any other group. Therefore, O group is called universal donor

·      A person with group AB can receive any other group. So AB is called universal recipient

·      ‘A’ blood group is most common among the Europeans, while ‘B’ and ‘O’ are common among the Asians and the American Indians, respectively.

·      Erythroblastosis foetalis – caused by the Rh blood group

·      Land Steiner and Weiner first found the Rh factor in Rhesus monkey

·      Normal count level of RBC in Blood – 5 million/ccg Blood

·      Normal count level of WBC in Blood – 5000 to 9000 ccg Blood

·      Normal count level of platelets in Blood – 250000 to 3 lakhs

·      Life span of platelets – 7 days

·   The instrument used to measure the blood pressure in Human body: Sphygmomanometer

·      The only one vein in human body which carries pure blood is pulmonary vein

·      Antigen is a substance which stimulates formation of antibody

·      When the right ventricle in the human heart contracts, the blood moves to pulmonary artery.

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BLOOD GROUPS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BLOOD CLOTTING / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BLOOD CLOTTING / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BLOOD CLOTTING / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

Blood platelets breakdown in the vicinity of an injury and release an enzyme that causes formation of fibrin from fibrinogen. Fibrin forms a tangled mass of fibres which shrink and form a hard clot to plug the opening of the blood vessel to stop bleeding. After clotting occurs, a straw coloured fluid called ‘serum’ is left. This portion of blood retains its liquid form indefinitely.

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BLOOD CLOTTING / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

·      Anemia: insufficient red cell mass (anemia) can be the result of bleeding, blood disorders like thalassemia, or nutritional deficiencies.

·      Abnormal increase in WBC count is known as leukemia or blood cancer

·      Leukemia is a group of cancers of the blood forming tissues.

·      Abnormal decrease in total count of WBC is known as leucopenia

·      Non-cancerous overproduction of red cells (polycythemia vera) or platelets (essential thrombocytosis) may be premalignant

·      Hemophilia is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood’s clotting mechanisms

·      Haemophilia Day – April 17

·      Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV, the virus, which causes AIDS, is transmitted through contact with blood, semen or other body secretions of an infected person.

·      Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through blood contact.

·      Bacterial infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis. Viral infection is viremia. Malaria and trypanosomiasis are blood-borne parasitic infections.

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

Cardiovascular system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood and blood vessels

Digestive System: digestion and processing food with salivary glands oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus

Endocannabinoid system: neuromodulatory lipids and receptors involved in a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, motor learning, synaptic plasticity and memory.

Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary or pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids and adrenals or adrenal glands.

Integumentary system: Skin, hair and nails

Immune system: the system that fights off disease; composed of leukocytes, tonsils adenoids, thymus and spleen.

Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream, the lymph and the nodes and vessels that transport it.

Musculoskeletal system: muscles provide movement and a skeleton provides structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons

Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and nerves

Reproductive system: the sex organs; in the female; ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and in the male; testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis.

Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm

Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.

Vestibular system: contributes to our balance and our sense of spatial orientation.

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BLOOD / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

 

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BLOOD / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BLOOD / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY

·      Heamophilia day: April 17

·      The blood serves to transport and distribute materials within the body

·      Distribution of enzymes is not a function of blood

·      Blood circulation was discovered by William Harvey

·      Since blood is found outside the cells it is called as extra cellular fluid (ECF)

·      The p H value of human blood is nearly 7.5

·      The blood cholesterol level in 100ml of blood in a normal person varies between 150-250mg.

·      The liquid part of the blood viz., the plasma constitutes 55% of the total blood volume.

·      Albumin, globulin and fibrinogen are the plasma proteins

·      Fibrinogen is concerned with coagulation of blood

·      The blood cells are of three types: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes), White Blood Cells (leucocytes) and the Platelets (Thrombocytes).

·      Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) contain haemoglobin which gives blood its red colour. Camel is the only mammal having nucleus in the RBC

·      The abnormal rise in total count of RBC is called polycythemia.

·      Erythrocytes participate in transporting oxygen from lungs to tissues

·      CO₂ is carried in both plasma and RBC as bicarbonates

·      RBCs are produced in the bone marrow

·      Spleen & liver destroy the dead RBCs in human body. Spleen is known as graveyard of RBC

·      Spleen serves as a Blood Bank (Reservoir of blood) in the body.

·      The life span of RBC is about 120 days

·      Haemoglobin consists of iron containing pigment haem and a protein globin.

·      Haemoglobin, the respiratory pigment gives red colour to RBC

·      Haemoglobin helps in transportation of oxygen.

·      Normal adult human male has 14 grams of haemoglobin in 100 millilitre of blood

·      The condition when haemoglobin content of the blood falls below normal is termed anaemia.

·       The disease resistant constituent of blood is WBC which produces antibodies

·      Antigens are capable of stimulating the formation of antibodies

·      WBC – White Blood Corpuscles (Leucocytes) defend our body from disease causing microorganisms

·      The number of luecocytes per micro litre of blood is called the total count of WBC. It is normally 5000 in humans

·      The proportion of RBC and WBC in human body is 600:1

·      The life span of WBC is about 5 to 21 days

·      Platelets or thrombocytes are other blood cells. They perform an important role in blood clotting. They live only for a few hours

·      Clotting of blood in blood vessels is called thrombosis

·      The coagulation of blood in vessels is prevented during normal condition by heparin.

·      Haemophilia sometimes referred to as bleeder’s disease or ‘Christmas disease’

·      A healthy person has 5-6 litres of blood in his body.

·      At a time of blood donation only 300ml of blood is used

·      The normal blood pressure of a healthy adult is 120/80mmHg

·      120 mmHg is known as systolic pressure and 80mmHg is known as diastolic pressure.

·      High blood pressure (Hypertension) is known as the silent killer

·      Normal blood sugar level: 80-100mg/100ml of blood

·      Normal cholesterol: 50-180mg/100ml of plasma

·      The largest leucocyte: Monocytes

·      The smallest leucocyte: Lymphocytes

·      The leucocytes capable of producing antibodies are: lymphocytes

·       The leucocytes which are modified as scavenger cells are: Monocytes

·      The leucocytes that are able to produce the anticoagulant heparin are Basophils.

·      Plasma: About 55% of whole blood is blood plasma, a fluid that is the blood’s liquid medium, which by itself is straw-yellow in colour.

·      Plasma functions in transport, body immunity, prevention of blood loss, retention of fluid in blood, maintenance of p H, uniform distribution of heat.

KERALA PSC / CDPO / BIOLOGY / BLOOD / NOTES / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY