All in One

Tuesday, 27 October 2026

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / CHINESE CIVILIZATION / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / CHINESE CIVILIZATION / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

· Chinese civilization originated on the banks of river Hwang Ho.

· Shang dynasty was the first dynasty to rule China from BC 1750-1125

· The Qin dynasty established China’s first strong central government.

· Chin ruler Shih Hwangti was responsible for the construction of the Great Wall of China to prevent the Huna invasion.

· Shih Hwangti was the founder of Chin dynasty

· The Great Wall is 1500 mile long and having 20 feet breadth and 20 feet height.

· Early communication of the Chinese was done by knots made in strings

· Paper was invented by the Chinese

· Lao-Tse, Confucious and Mencious were the three major Philosophers of ancient China

· Lao-Tse was the founder of the most important religion of China known as Taoism

· Lao-Tse is considered as the “Chinese Buddha”

· Confucianism was the new religion founded by Confucious

· Seismograph and Gun Powder were also invented by the Chinese.

· Tea was invented by the Chinese.

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / CHINESE CIVILIZATION / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3000 BC – 1750 BC) / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3000 BC – 1750 BC) / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

· Egyptian civilization flourished on the banks of Nile river.

· Egyptian kings were known as ‘Pharoh’

· ‘Pharoh’ means one who lives in a mansion

· ‘Hyksus’ were a sematic group of people who captured Egypt towards BC 1750

· Egyptian Queen Hatsheput is considered as the first women ruler of the world

· Ramses III is considered as the last of great Pharohs of Egypt

· Egyptians were the first to invent a solar calendar having 365 days with 12 months of 30 days each.

· Egyptian Sun God was known as ‘Ra’ or ‘Re’.

· Osiris was the Goddess of truth worshipped by the Egyptians

· Preserved dead bodies of the Egyptians were known as ‘mummies’. Mummification shows their belief in life after death.

· Egyptians were responsible for the invention of Addition, Subtraction and division

· The word ‘Chemistry’ was originated from the Egyptian language

· Egyptian script was pictographic in nature. It was known as Hierogliphics

· The word Hieroglipihic means sacred writing. It consisted of 24 signs. Vowels were not used. The Egyptian alphabets were deciphered by Champollion.

· “The Great Temple of Abu Simbel” is known as the “Temple of the Rising sun”, since the rays of the rising sun get into the temple.

· Pyramids were the Tombs of Egyptian Pharohs.

· First Pyramid was built about 2700 BC

· Greatest of the Pyramids was the Great Pyramid at Giza built by Pharoh Khufu

· Biggest of the temples built by the Egyptians was the temple at Karnak.

· Great Pyramid at Giza is the only survivor of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

· Earliest coins were believed to have been used by the Egyptians.

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3000 BC – 1750 BC) / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / SUMERIAN MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION (3000-1600 BC) / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / SUMERIAN MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION (3000-1600 BC) / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

· Sumerian civilization flourished on the banks of rivers Euphrates and Tigris later came to be known as Mesopotamian civilization.

· The word Mesopotamia means land between rivers

· The name Mesopotamia was given by the Greeks

· The area where Mesopotamian civilization existed belonged to modern Iraq

· The northern part of Mesopotamia was known as Assiria and southern part was known as Babilonia

· The first dynasty in the world was established at Ur in Sumeria in 3000 BC

· Ur, Urukh, Lagash, Uma, Nippor were the major cities of the Sumerians

· The Sumerian Empire declined towards BC 2650 due to the attack of the Accadians

· The chief architect of the Acadian empire was Sargon

· Dungi was the most important ruler of the Sumerians

· The writing system of the Sumerians was known as Cunieform

· Mesopotamian seals throw light on the trade relation between the Indus people and the Sumerians

· The Mesopotamians invented wheel and glassware.

· Mesopotamian civilization is considered to be the world’s first urban civilization.

· Egyptians were the first to use Phonetic writing

· Mesopotamians discovered the system of Geometry. It was later called “Pythagorus Theorem”.

· A Lunar Calender based on the Moon was one of the major acheivements of the Sumerians

· Mesopotamians were worshippers of multi Gods

· Their major God was the Sky God ‘Anu’

· Mesopotamians were the first to invent the system of Multiplication

· Empires, water supply system, use of gold and silver for transaction, code of laws, libraries, educational centres, poetry, literature, sculpture, palaces, arches, pillars, domes, slavery, autocracy imperialism etc…, first originated in Sumeria

· Hammurabi is known as the founder of Early Babilonian Empire.

· Hammurabi was responsible for the introduction of a code of conduct to the Mesopotamians. It was based on the principle of “an eye for eye and tooth for a tooth”.

· Babilonian people invented water clock and sundial to know the time.

· Assirians were credited for the invention of the system of dividing a circle into 360 degrees.

· Mesopotamian civilization is also known as the ‘melting pot of civilization’.

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / SUMERIAN MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION (3000-1600 BC) / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

Tuesday, 20 October 2026

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / MAJOR HUMAN RACES OF THE WORLD / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / MAJOR HUMAN RACES OF THE WORLD / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

· People living in Africa, Arabia, India, Malaysia, Australia and Tansania belonged to the Negroid Race

· ‘Pigmies’ seen in Africa, South East Asia and Indonesia is a subgroup of the Negroids

· Majority of modern Human race belonged to the Mongloid race

· People living in Japan, China, Indonesia, Formosa Tibet etc… belonged to the Mongloid race

· People lived in ancient Egypt belonged to the Hemitic race

· Ancient Babilonians, Hebrews, Phoenesians, Arabs etc… belonged to the Semitic race.

· Semitic, Hemitic and Indo-Europeans are the subgroups of the Caucasoid race.

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / MAJOR HUMAN RACES OF THE WORLD / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / ORIGIN OF LANGUAGES AND WRITING / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / ORIGIN OF LANGUAGES AND WRITING / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

· Man began to speak meaningfully during the Neolithic Period

· English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Greek, Russian, Persian, Sanskrit and American Languages belonged to the Indo-European or Aryan language group.

· Hebrew, Arabic, Abyssenian early Assririan and Phoenesian languages belonged to the Semitic group of languages

· Languages spoken by the people lived around Mediterranean Sea were of the Hemitic group.

· Lapis, Finnish, Magyar, Tartar, Manchu, Mongol etc…, belonged to the Turanean group of languages

· The early writing of the Egyptians was known as Hieroglyphics

· Phoeniseans were considered as the originators of the modern pattern of writing.

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / ORIGIN OF LANGUAGES AND WRITING / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES

· The Pre-historic period is divided into four distinct periods

Paleololithic Period (Old Stone Age) 5,000,000-10,000 BC

Mesolithic Period (Late Stone Age) 10,000-4000 BC

Neolithic period (New stone Age) 6000-1000 BC

Chalcolithic Period (Metal Age)

· The earliest known primate (Plesiandapis) appeared on the earth towards 70,000,000 BC

· The possible ancestor of hominids (Proconsul) appeared in East Africa towards 20,000,00 BC

· Australopithecus was the first hominids on the earth, which appeared in East Africa towards 3,700,000 BC

· Homohabilis was the first hominid tool maker, which appeared in Africa towards 2,100,000 BC

· Zinjanthropus, which was found in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, is considered to be the earliest in the human species

· ‘Java Man’ existed some seven lakh years ago in Java and ‘Peking Man’ who existed some three lakh years ago excavated from Peking in China are some humans of the Paleolithic Period.

· Most famous Paleolithic man was the Neanderthal Man who was discovered from Germany

· Cromagnan (France) and Grimaldi (Itali) men belonged to the Middle Stone Age

· Paleolithic people used tools and implements made of rough stone

· They ate raw flesh and wild fruits and vegetables. They had no idea of agriculture. They belonged to the Negrito race.

· Paleolithic men led a nomadic life, ie, wandering from one place to another.

· Neolithic Age means the New Stone Age

· People learn the art of cultivation and the Neolithic Age was the food producing stage.

· They started using polished and sharp stone implements

· Man began to domesticate animals during the Neolithic Age. Dog was the first animal domesticated by man

· Wheat and Barley were the earliest cereals grown by man

· ‘Potters Wheel’ was invented in the Neolithic Age

· Paleolithic Age is known as the ‘Age of Hunters’ while the Neolithic Age is known ad the ‘Age of Farmers’

· Most polished weapon of the Neolithic Age was the ‘Stone axe’

· Man discovered the use of jute and began to use cloth made of jute during the Neolithic period

· Early men started the settles life in the Neolithic period

· Earliest human villages appeared towards 6000BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia

· The Barter system of exchange came into practice during the Neolithic period

· Family life also began during the Neolithic Age

· The concept of ‘state’ also originated during the Neolithic period.

· Chalcolithic Age is known as the Metal age

· First metal used by man was copper

· Copper was first used to make ornaments and tools

· The period when man began to use Bronze tools and weapons is known as Bronze Age

· The period when man began to use iron is known as Iron Age.

KERALA PSC / WORLD HISTORY / PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / STUDY MATERIALS / GENERAL KNOWLEDGE / KERALA PSC PRELIMINARY / NOTES