1.
……. theory states that weak or ambiguous internal cues
force an individual into the role of an outside observer, he must look at his
own behaviour and the surrounding circumstances to help him decide what his
feelings are
Self-perception
2.
According to the learning theory of attitude formation,
the basic process underlying attitude formation is
Operant conditioning
3.
In ……method people are asked to respond to questions by
expressing their personal evaluations
Self-report
4.
………. means that each person in the target population has
an equal chance of being selected in the sample
Random Sampling
5.
……….. present details on over 120 attitude scales.
Robinson and Shaver
6.
The social distance scales have been used widely in the
past by …… and are used less frequently now a days
Bogardus
7.
Who was the first investigator to suggest that learning principles
could be applied to attitudes?
Doob
8.
Doob proposed that the principles of classical and
instrumental conditioning could be used to explain the formation and change of ……..
in the same way that they have been applied to overt behaviour.
Attitudes
9.
Credit for demonstrating the potential of the
instrumental conditioning of attitudes is given to ……… who used verbal record
to alter what people said
Green spoon
10. Who has given
the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
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11. The two major
ways for a person to reduce dissonance are: to change one of the cognitive
elements or to
Add a new cognitive element
12. The attitude-behaviour
relationship was conducted by
La Piere
13. ‘There is no
good reason to suppose that an overall measure of attitude toward an object will
necessarily predict a specific behaviour’-this theory is given by
Martin Fishbein
14. The basic thrust
of attribution theory is to make explicit the rules we all use in attempting to
infer ………. and to discover the biases and errors that plague our attempts to do
so
The causes of behaviour
15. The first
major attempt to formulate the implicit rules was made by
Fritz Heider
16. Social psychology
studies the ways in which a person’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours are
influenced by
Other persons
17. ‘The meeting
of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances: if there
is any reaction, both are transformed’, was stated by
Carl Jung
18. ……… environment denotes the person’s physical
environment, climatic conditions and regional area which play significant role
in determining social habits, behavioural tendencies and general outlook
towards life
Ecological
19. ………. environment
refers to an individual’s motivations, cognitions, perceptions and other
personality characteristics.
Psychological
20. ………..
environment refers to the environment provided by other people to the
individual, his role in society, his family’s status in the society and his own
position in the family hierarchy.
Social
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21. Ecology
literally means the study of earth’s households including the plants, animals,
micro-organisms and people that live together as interdependent and components:
it is the view of
E.P Odum
22. The ………. psychologist
is more apt to focus on the current or ongoing situational influences on human
behaviour than on developmental or personality factors.
Social
23. ………… is a
process that does not stop at a certain stage but continues throughout life and
helps the person to function effectively within a given cultural or social
group.
Learning skills of interaction
24. Learning of
any new …………. requires the understanding and internalization of values,
attitudes and behavioural characteristics of given religious, political,
occupational, economic, caste and even play groups.
Social Role
25. ……….. may be
defined as pattern of behaviour existing within any group whose members share
meanings and symbols for communicating those meanings.
Culture
26. ………… reflected
by its own art, religion and philosophy, it becomes its culture
Certain values
27. ……. may be considered as a life-long process converting
raw material into a finished product by making the human being as effective
member of the society.
Socialization
28. ……. are clusters
of interrelated traits and attributes that we assume to be characteristic of
certain kinds of individuals.
Stereotypes
29. ………… is the
process by which an individual comes to define himself in terms of his nation, social
class, religious group etc…..
Identification
30. Psychologist ………..
has laid great stress on the child’s family position or birth order
Alfred Adler
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31. Sometimes …………….
are formed to rationalize our prejudices or to justify shabby treatment of the
individuals on the basis of some group characteristics that neither they nor
the group actually possess.
Stereotypes
32. ……….. requires
that we be able to predict to some extent that new individuals will behave as
others like them have behaved in the post.
Social interaction
33. As …………. noted
in his famous book on prejudice, interracial contacts lead to decreased
prejudice only when the participants are of equal status.
Gordon Allport
34. The defining
characteristics of …………. is that they express an evaluation of some objects, such
as liking-disliking, pro-anti, positive, negative etc..
Attitude
35. An adolescent’s
………….. has greater appeal to him than
his parents, teachers and other elders because it is more interesting and
easily available to them
Peer group
36. ……… consists of
all organized activities systematically arranged to cater to all-round growth
and development of its students.
School
37. In lower classes
children take every word of the ………. as command and try to imitate his
behaviour
Teacher
38. The process by which information about others
is converted into more or less enduring cognitions or thoughts about them is
called
Impression formation
39. The cognitive
dissonance theory of attitude is proposed by
Leon Festinger (1957)
40. The theory of
planned behaviour is proposed by
Ajzen and Fishbein
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41. The theory-attitude-to-behaviour
process model is proposed by
Fazio
42. The prototype/willingness
model of attitude is proposed by
Gibbons and his colleagues
43. When we watch commercials,
we know fully well that these messages are designed to change our views. This
kind of knowledge is known as
Forewarning
44. The tendency
to ignore information that contradicts our attitudes while actively seeking
information consistent with our attitudes constitute two sides of what psychologists’
term
Selective exposure
45. A technique
for reducing dissonance by mentally minimalizing the importance of attitudes or
behaviour that are inconsistent with each other is known as
Trivialization
46. Awareness that
one is publicly advocating some attitude or behaviour but then acting in a way
that is inconsistent with this attitude or behaviour, is known as
Hypocrisy
47. Many studies
indicate that the more frequently we are exposed to a given stimulus, the more
in general, we tend to like it. This is known as
Frequency of exposure effect
48. The link
establishing that psychological traits cause the physical characteristics to
develop is known as
Dorian Gray effect
49. …………
psychology asserts that human behaviour is culturally constituted or patterned
Cultural
50. ………….. refers
to the cultural and psychological change brought about by contact with other
people belonging to different cultures and exhibiting different behaviours
Acculturation
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51. …………… refers
to the process of deliberate shaping by conscious and active training to
acquire and adapt to the values and expectations of the society
Socialization
52. Which
psychology is defined as the scientific study of the ways interaction,
interdependence and influence among persons affect their behaviour and thought?
Social Psychology
53. The defining
characteristic of …………. is that they express an evaluation of some object
Attitudes
54. The most
common method of measuring attitudes is the
Self-report methods
55. The ……………
measures the electrical resistance of the skin
GSR
56. ………… can also
be used to provide information about the percentage of the population that
supports the use of marijuana, the death penalty or a low-cost housing project
Public opinion polls
57. The most
recent, and most promising, physiological measure involves ………. recording from
the major facial muscles.
Electromyographic (EMG)
58. ………… occurs most
readily for strong responses in situations where the presence of others is
motivating
Social facilitation
59. The first
major attempt to formulate implicit rules was made by
Fritz Heider
60. ………, a cluster
of interrelated traits and attributes assumed to be characteristics of certain kinds
of individual.
Stereotype
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61. The distinguished
feature of the …………. approach is its emphasis on the individual’s “Phenomenology”
Social-Psychological
62. …………. noted in
his famous book on prejudice, that interracial contacts lead to decreased
prejudice only when the participants are of equal status.
Gordon Allport
63. Which theory is
a set of correlations that enable us to go beyond the information given about a
person and to ‘fill in’ the missing data?
An implicit Personality Theory
64. Who has
proposed a self-perception theory that states that weak or ambiguous internal
cues force an individual into the role of an outside observer?
Bern
65. Festinger and Carlsmith performed an
experiment designed to test Festinger’s Theory of
Cognitive dissonance
66. ……… are
cognitions, or thoughts, about the characteristics of objects
Beliefs
67. The …………..
study of attitudes requires that they be measured, this means that people’s
evaluation of a given attitude object must be translated into some number
system.
Scientific
68. ………. means
that each person in the target population has an equal chance of being selected
in the sample.
Random Sampling
69. ……….., like
most other attitude measurement techniques, relies on the self-report of the
respondents
Public opinion polling
70. One of the
first investigators to suggest that learning principles could be applied to
attitudes was
Doob (1947)
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71. ………., in which
the reward consequences of any behaviour shape its subsequent enactment; is
relevant to attitude formation and change.
Instrumental Conditioning
72. In 1957 Leon
Festinger published his theory of
Cognitive dissonance
73. Leon Festinger’s
theory of cognitive dissonance was one of the most influential theories of
attitude change in
Social Psychology
74. …………. is the
term used to refer to the situation in which individuals change their beliefs or
behaviours so that they become more similar to those of other group members
Conformity
75. ……… is the
process by which information about others is converted into more or less
enduring cognitions or thoughts about them.
Impression formation
76. ………….. are a
compelling set of categories used to describe, remember and communicate our own
and other people’s behaviour.
Traits
77. An augmentation
in behaviour due to the presence of other individuals is known as
Social facilitation
78. An important
set of ideas about the development and maintenance of long-term social
relationships is
Social exchange theory
79. ………… was the
first to suggest that we sometimes deduce our attitude position by direct
observation of our own behaviour.
Daryl.J Bern
80. An attitude is
a mixture of ………… and ………… that predisposes a person to respond to other
people, objects, or institutions in a positive or negative way.
Belief, emotion
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81. Attitude summarize
…….. and predict or direct future actions
Past experience
82. An approach
known as the ………. demonstrates that actions are closely connected to attitudes
Misdirected letter technique
83. Attitudes come
from ………. with the object of the attitude, such as opposing pollution when a
nearby factory ruins your favourite Taj Mahal.
Direct contact
84. Attitudes are
also learned through ……….. holding the same attitude: If you live in a vegetarian
household, chances are good that you will become an vegetarian
Interaction with others
85. There is
little doubt that many of the attitudes we hold are influenced by
Group membership
86. Enduring
clusters of feelings, beliefs and behaviour tendencies relating to any object,
person, issue or group, is …………
An attitude
87. To measure
attitude, in some cases, individuals are simply asked in a straight forward way
to express attitude towards a particular issue is called
Open-ended interview
88. Self-report
measures are accurate only to the extent that respondents are willing or able
to report their attitudes
Correctly
89. Doob proposed
that the principles of ……… and …….. could be used to explain the formation and
change of attitudes in much the same way that they have been applied to overt
behaviour
Classical conditioning, Instrumental conditioning
90. If you express
an attitude to a friend who then provides positive reinforcement, your attitude
is likely to be ………
Strengthened
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91. Individual’s
attempt to maintain consistency among the numerous attitudes he or she holds, is
called…………..
Consistency theories
92. ‘Balance
theory’ is proposed by
Heider
93. ……….. involves
the relations between a person and two attitude objects. The three elements are
connected by either favourable attitudes or unfavourable attitudes.
Balance theory
94. Items such as “would
exclude from my country” or “would admit to marriage in my family” are found in
which attitude measure?
A social distance scale
95. Much attitude change
is related to a desire to avoid clashing, or contradictory thoughts, an idea
summarized by……..
Cognitive dissonance theory
96. Characteristics
of the source which have been shown to increase attitude change are …….. and ……….
High credibility, high attractiveness
97. In the absence
of clear situational incentives and strongly held attitudes, people may deduce
their attitude positions by observing their ………
Own behaviour
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